Abstract. Under the pre-amble of a future net-zero-CO2 economy and current legislative acts, the energy infrastructure is changing towards renewables in primary energy production. Transport and other sectors will increase the share of direct or indirect electrification. The question might arise if the build-up of the renewables in energy production is fast enough. The demand and supply might not match in the short- and mid-term. The paper will discuss the pathways, trends and legislative boundary conditions in the regenerative energy landscape and their regional differences. Funding schemes gain an increasing importance to accelerate the energy transformation. The are often competing in attracting the same know-how globally. In addition the paper includes details about energy conversion, efficiency as well as potential transport scenarios. Technologies are compared in respect of their readiness. Furthermore the need for energy buffering on molecule or electron basis, availability and technical options will be evaluated. Finally the paper concludes with scenario calculations considering technology readiness and TCO for production, transport and infrastructure. By using scenario calculations for passenger car, commercial vehicle on-road and off-road the need for a diversified energy infrastructure is evaluated. In various use cases main cost drivers are identified. Comparing all electricity based scenarios including molecules – respectively hydrogen and e-fuel is part of the evaluation. Outline: • Holistic view on regenerative energy landscape and infrastructure • Comparison of regional differences in legislative acts for funding support • Additional need for electricity due to decarbonization of mobility and other sectors • Energy pathways, energy conversion - main scenarios • Technical and timing efficiency (re-fueling, charging) of scenarios • Energy Buffering via molecules or electrons • Calculation examples for passenger cars, commercial vehicles and off-road • Energy transport from energy rich regions to Europe • Costs: Battery-infrastructure versus E-Fuel infrastructure • Measurements of e-Fuel blends Keywords: Renewable Energy, Fuels, Energy infrastructure, CO2 Reduction, Regulation, TCO, Technology readiness

Mr. Martin Rothbart, Senior Product Manager Energy & Sustainability, AVL List GmbH